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Agriculture Class 10 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 4 SST Pdf free download is part of Class 10 Social Science Notes for Quick Revision. Geography teachers from the latest edition of CBSE(NCERT) books. Here we have given Agriculture Class 10 Geography Chapter 4 Notes.

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Agriculture Class 10 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 4

India is an agricultural country because of the following reasons:

1. Two-third of its population is engaged in agricultural activities.
2. Agriculture is a primary activity and produces most of the food and food grains.
3. It produces raw materials for our various industries, e.g., cotton textile, sugar industry.
4. Agricultural products, like tea, coffee, spices are exported and earn foreign exchange.

Primitive Subsistence Farming: Agriculture Class 10 Notes

This type of farming is practiced in few pockets of India on small patches of land using primitive tools and family/community labor. Farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other food crops to sustain their families.

When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation. This type of shifting allows nature to replenish the fertility of the soil through natural processes. Land productivity is low as the farmer does not use fertilizers or other modem inputs.

Intensive Subsistence Farming:

It is practiced in areas of high population pressure on land. It is labor-intensive farming. Yield per hectare is high because high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used. The size of the land-holdings is small and uneconomical.

Farmers take the maximum output from the limited land by raising 2-3 crops in a year from the same land, i.e., multiple cropping is practiced.

Importance of Agriculture

• In India agricultural activities are of great importance. These activities provide employment to approximately two-thirds of the Indian population and help us to get food as well as raw material for Industries. Some agricultural products such as tea, coffee, spices are exported so as to get additional income to the country.
• In India Cultivation methods have changed based on the physical environment, technological improvements, socio-cultural practices.

Types of Farming: Agriculture Class 10 Notes

• In India mainly there are three farming types
  • Primitive subsistence Farming
  • Intensive Subsistence Farming
  • Commercial Farming

Cropping Seasons in India

• Specific crops are grown in specific season. Basically there are three cropping seasons rabi, kharif and zaid.

Rabi Season:

• Duration:
  • Rabi crops are grown in winter season i.e. from October to December and harvested in summer season i.e. from April to June. Rabi Crops are wheat, barley, peas, and mustard are some important rabi crops.

Kharif Season:

• Duration:
  • Kharif crops are grown with rising monsoon and harvested from September or October. Kharif crops are rice, maize, cotton, urad.

Horticulture Crops:

India is a large producer of horticulture crops such as vegetables and fruits. Vegetables: India produces 13 percent of the world’s vegetable production. Various vegetables are pea, Cauliflower, onion, cabbage, tomato, brinjal, and potato.

Non-Food Crops

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Institutional reforms in Agriculture:

1. Collectivization and consolidation of land holdings to make them economically viable.
2. The green revolution based on the use of package technology and the White Revolution to increase milk production.
3. Cooperation with farmers and Abolition of Zamindari system.
4. Provision of crop insurance to protect the farmers against losses caused by natural calamities, i.e., drought, flood, cyclone, fire, and disease.
5. Establishment of ‘Grameen Banks’, Cooperative Societies and Banks.
6. Kissan Credit Card (KCC), Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS).
7. Special weather bulletins and agricultural programs for farmers on radio and TV.
8. Announcement of minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for crops to check the exploitation of farmers.

Rubber:

India is fourth largest producer of rubber in world. Rubber is used as raw material in industries.

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Environmental Conditions:

Rubber is mainly an equatorial crop but under suitable conditions can be grown in tropical and subtropical regions. It need moist and humid climate with temperature more than 25℃, it need annual rainfall 200 cm.

Regions: In India, Kerala, Tamilnadu, Karnataka and Andaman and Nicobar islands and Garo Hills of Meghalaya are important rubber producing regions.

Fibre Crops: Agriculture Class 10 Notes

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In India Cotton, Jute, hemp, and natural silk are major fiber crops. Cotton, Jute, and Hemp are obtained by growing these crops in soil. Natural silk is obtained from Cocoons of Silkworms found especially on Mulberry Tree.

Cultivating plants for production of silk is called as sericulture.

Cotton Environmental

• The Cotton is a Kharif Crop that requires 6 to 8 months for its growth. Cotton is the main raw material for textile industries. India ranks second largest producer of cotton after China.
• Environmental Conditions: It needs black soil rich in humus, bright sunshine, high temperature, light rainfall, and dry climate.
• Regions:
  • In India Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh are important cotton-growing states.
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Jute:

• It is known as golden fibre. It is required to make Gunny bags, mats, ropes, carpets, and other artefacts. The use of Jute is declining because of cheaper alternatives such as synthetic fibres such as nylon.
• Environmental Conditions: It needs well-drained fertile soil mostly soil of floodplains and high temperature.
• Regions: In India, West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Odisha and Meghalaya are major Jute producing regions.

Food Security

• Food which provides Minimum Nutritional Value is a basic need of every citizen of country. Minimum nutritional value signifies food which provide minimum amount of nutrient like Proteins Vitamins, Iron, Calcium etc. per day.  If government fails to provide food security in any part then that part suffers from Lack of Food Security.  In our country, regions which are economically less developed and regions which suffers from natural disasters where supplying of food is not possible uncertain food supply.

National Food Security System:

• The main objective of this system is to ensure food availability to all. It also focuses on increasing agricultural production and fixing the procurement price. Procurement price i.e. the price with which government purchases the crop from farmers.
• It consists of two components
  • Buffer Stock
  • Public Distribution System (i.e. PDS)
• Buffer Stock: Food Corporation of India (FCI), buys foodgrains from farmers with the assured minimum support price. It then maintains its stock and uses this stock in case of a shortage of food.
• Public Distribution System(PDS):
  • With this program stored food grains and essential commodities are distributed to poor families at affordable prices.
  • Based on income, families are divided into two categories Below Poverty Line (BPL) and Above Poverty Line (APL). The poverty line signifies the minimum income needed to get necessities of life such as food, shelter, and clothes. Prices for each category are different.
  • The problem with this system is that the number of deserving poor peoples are excluded from the BPL category and some of the rich peoples are placed in the BPL category.

Impact of Globalisation on Agriculture:

1.  Globalization is not a new phenomenon. It was there at the time of colonization.
2. Till today it is one of the important items of export from India.
3. The cotton textile industry in Manchester and Liverpool flourished due to the availability of good quality cotton from India.
4. The Champaran movement started in 1917 in Bihar.
5. Under globalization, particularly after 1990